Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used as a model organism to study the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Despite significant morphological differences between the kidneys of mammals and Drosophila, both maintain a level of conservation in the regulatory mechanisms in kidney development and renal function. As a result, Drosophila has emerged as an ideal model for investigating the pathogenesis of human kidney diseases and for the rapid screening of potential therapeutic drugs. The mammalian kidney is composed of nephrons, including glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule, while the Drosophila renal sys-tem consists of nephrocytes and Malpighian tubules. In terms of function, nephrocytes are equivalent to glomeruli, and Malpighian tubules are equivalent to renal tubules. The development and function of the Drosophila renal system is regulated by multiple genetic factors. The proteins such as immunoglobulin super-family (IgSF) and Krüppel-like factor 15 (Klf15), and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway are crucial to the mor-phological formation of the Drosophila renal system, and the genes Cubilin, Amnionless, and rudhira are es-sential for its functions. This review summarizes the kidney structure, development and regulation in mam-mals and Drosophila, and discusses the advantages and future prospects of using the Drosophila model to study human kidney-related diseases.

As a diacylglycerol acyltransferase, transmembrane protein 68 (TMEM68) mediates a novel path-way for triglyceride biosynthesis independent of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). However, the acyl donor for TMEM68 to catalyze triacylglycerol synthesis has not been identified. In this paper, through comparing influences of TMEM68 overexpression on glycerolipids, fatty acids and glycerophospho-lipids with different acyl chain saturations, it was found that TMEM68 overexpression exerted different ef-fects on triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and their ether lipids with different saturations, and a certain correlation existed in alterations of these lipid metabo-lites. After DGAT inhibitor treatment, it was found that TMEM68 synthesized triacylglycerol and promoted lipid droplet formation without relying on DGAT activity. Moreover, through molecular docking analysis, TMEM68 proved to have similar or even stronger binding capacity to phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyletha-nolamine and their ether lipids compared with phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase. These results to-gether suggest that TMEM68 may use diacylglycerol as an acyl acceptor and glycerophospholipid as an acyl donor to synthesize triacylglycerol.

Adenylate kinase (ADK), which could be applied in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration, reversibly catalyzes the conversion of two adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecules to ATP and adenosine mo-nophosphate (AMP). As free enzymes have the narrow range of reaction temperature and pH adaptation, poor stability and non-reusability, they are expensive in application and not suitable for industrial-scale produc-tion. In order to achieve the immobilization of ADK, the expression plasmid pET-ADK was first constructed, and recombinant ADK was obtained by isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG) induction of E. coli BL21(DE3). Then, the chitosan concentration for 3D bioprinting, the pH value of enzyme solution, enzyme concentration and immobilization time in the process of immobilization were optimized. Finally, the physicochemical proper-ties and ATP regeneration ability of 3D-bioprinted immobilized ADK were examined. The results showed that the optimal conditions for ADK immobilization by 3D bioprinting using chitosan-based bioink were 3% of chitosan concentration, pH 7.5, 0.10 mg/mL of enzyme concentration, and 3 h of immobilization time. By using 3D-bioprinted immobilized ADK hydrogels, the yield of D-glucose-6-phosphate increased by 52.00% when glucose was catalyzed with glucose kinase. In addition, after repeated use for 8 times, the immobilized ADK still retained 74.83% of its initial activity. These results provide the groundwork for studying ADK im-mobilization that can be applied to ATP regeneration.

The GRIM19 protein is a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain-linked reduced nicoti-namide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase complexⅠ. It is integral to the maintenance of structu-ral and functional integrity of mitochondria. Initially, GRIM19 was considered to be a novel tumor suppres-sor gene that plays an important role mainly in tumor proliferation and apoptosis. In recent years, the role of GRIM19 in other diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, adenomyosis, asthenospermia and miscarriage, has received increasing attention. This re-view introduces the functions of the GRIM19 protein in normal cellular physiological processes, summarizes its role in different diseases. The paper may provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of related diseases, and some references for subsequent research in this field.

In order to explore the protective effect and molecular mechanism of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine) on neurons of rats born small for gestational age (SGA), the SGA rat model was established with whole-diet restriction method. The effects of taurine on nerve functions in SGA rats were assessed using Longa and Bederson scores, and the effects of taurine on hippocampus neuroinflammation and nerve injury were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and Western-blot. The levels of inflammatory factors were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neu-ron apoptosis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) and p-TrkB expressions were examined by TUNEL assay and Western-blot, respectively. The results showed that taurine inhibited neuroinflammation and nerve damage in the hippocampus, and prevented neuronal apoptosis, thereby improving nerve functions in SGA rats. In addition, taurine promoted the activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in rat brain tissue. Therefore, taurine may protect neurons in SGA rats through promoting the acti-vation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. 

Rice is one of the most important food crops. The plant type of rice is closely related to the yield of rice. Plant height, as an important factor of plant type, has been widely concerned and studied. The molecular mechanism of rice plant height regulation has been systematically studied since semi-dwarfing breeding, the first Green Revolution in rice, providing a good basis for precision molecular breeding. Many plant hormones participate in the control of plant height of rice, such as gibberellin (GA), auxin and cytoki-nin, and GA signaling pathway is the most important. Herein, the research progress of GA signaling pathway in regulating plant height in rice was reviewed, including synthesis and metabolism of GA, signal transduc-tion of GA, and its synergistic effect with other plant hormones, and the main direction for further studying regulation mechanism of rice plant height was also introduced, which may be helpful for related basic re-search and crop genetic improvement.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease and life-threatening neu-rological disorders. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available against the virus. In order to utilize the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system to suppress EV71 infection, the CRISPR/Cas13d system was chosen, and plasmids containing a guide RNA (gRNA) driven by the U6 promoter and Cas13d and green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the EF-1α pro-moter were constructed. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were transfected with a resultant plasmid, and then infected with EV71. The EV71 VP1 mRNA level and protein expression were measured using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western-blot, respectively. The GFP protein level was determined by flow cytometry, and cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay. The results showed that four out of the five gRNA plasmids targeting different positions of the EV71 genome significantly inhibited EV71 VP1 mRNA and protein expression, and among the four, there was one plasmid exhibiting strong collateral clea-vage activity. All the plasmids showed no significant cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that the CRISPR/Cas13d system can be used to inhibit EV71 infection, but appropriate gRNA selection is necessary to ensure antiviral efficacy and avoid cytotoxicity.

A quadruplex real-time fluorescence PCR technology was developed for simultaneously and qui-ckly detecting different virulence genes of Clostridioides difficile. First, specific primers and probes were designed using tcdA, tcdB, cdtB and TPI genes of C. difficile as target genes to establish a multiplex real-time fluorescence PCR system. Second, the primers, probes and annealing temperature in the system were optimized. Third, the sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of this optimized system were tested. And finally, clinical samples were detected using the system. The results showed that the method had good specificity, repeatability and low cost. It could detect samples with a concentration of 1 000 copies/mL without cross-reactivity with other common intestinal pathogens.

Microorganisms are important biological resources, offering significant social and economic bene-fits for human activities. Space breeding of microbial strains utilizes the unique space environment to con-duct space mutagenic breeding of microorganisms, enabling the acquisition of strains with excellent traits that can be applied in practical production. In recent years, space breeding of microbial strains has become a hot topic in space breeding research, and there is an urgent need to develop more technologies and methods to promote its application and development in various fields. Herein, the background and mechanisms of mi-crobial strain space breeding were reviewed, and its application in areas such as agriculture, food processing, and the pharmaceutical industry were analyzed. By discussing mutiple mutagenic effects of the unique envi-ronmental conditions in cosmic space on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of microorganisms, the important role of space breeding in the development and utilization of microbial resources were elucidated. With the advancement of space technology and the deepening of breeding research, space breeding of micro-bial strains is expected to bring more innovations and breakthroughs in agricultural production, food safety, and medical health. This article outlines the future development directions of microbial strain space breeding on the basis of present research, providing valuable insights for mutagenic breeding of microbial strains.

To explore the impact of wildfire disease on phyllosphere microbial community diversity and function, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the differences in the composition and diversity of phyllosphere prokaryotic microbial communities among plants with varying de-grees of wildfire disease. Additionally, PICRUSt software was employed to predict the gene function of phy-llosphere bacterial communities. The results revealed that, with the worsening of wildfire disease, both species richness and diversity of the leaf surface bacterial communities decreased significantly (P<0.01), and the distribution and composition of the leaf surface bacterial communities changed significantly (P<0.05). Cor-respondingly, pH in the culture medium increased, total phosphorus content decreased, and available potas-sium content first increased and then decreased. Furthermore, the correlations of the plant phyllosphere prokaryotic microbial community with immune system diseases, signaling molecules and interaction, exoge-nous biodegradation, and metabolism weakened with increasing disease severity. In conclusion, changes in the structure and function of leaf surface bacterial communities are closely related to the severity of wildfire disease in affected plants, and the disease can be relieved by decreasing pH and increasing total phosphorus and available potassium contents in the hydroponic solution.

Galls are abnormal proliferation and differentiation of plant tissue cells caused by insect feeding or oviposition stimuli, forming protrusions or tumor-like structures. The gall wasps (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) provide food and protection for their larvae within the galls. According to the nutrition hypothesis, galls provide rich nutrients to the gall-inducing insects, and as such, the nutrient content in galled tissues should be higher than that in non-galled tissues, while the content of secondary metabolites should be inversely related. Previous studies have found that the content of nutrients like sugars in the galls induced by D. kuriphilus are higher than in non-galled tissues, while the content of metabolites like tannins is conversely lower, which is consistent with the nutrition hypothesis. Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies have separately revealed that the content of nutrients such as soluble sugars is elevated in galls compared with non-galled tissues, whereas the content of secondary metabolites like flavonoids shows an opposite trend, accompanied by downregulation of photosynthesis-related gene expression. However, there are currently no reports on combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the differences between the galled and non-galled tissues. This is the first time to integrate metabolomics and transcriptomics to comprehensively compare differential metabolites and differentially expressed genes between galled and non-galled tissues of the host plant Castanea mollissima by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. The results indicated that the levels of amino acids and peptides in the galls were upregulated, possibly related to the growth and development of D. kuriphilus, while the flavonoid content was downregulated, potentially reflecting a defensive mechanism initiated by the insect for survival. The results align with the nutrition hypothesis. Furthermore, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the expressions of most photosynthesis-related genes were down-regulated in galls, inhibiting photosynthesis in host plants.