The implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (hereinafter referred to as KMGBF or the Kunming-Montreal Framework), a major achievement in global biodiversity governance, is strategically aligned with China’s ecological civilization goals. The paper analyzes the pathways for inte-grating the core objectives of the KMGBF with China’s ecological civilization institutional system, and ex-plores the guiding role of the decision on deepening the ecological civilization reform adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in biodiversity conservation. Combined with the outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the policy directions of the 15th Five-Year Plan, the paper elaborates on China’s policy innovations, inter-departmental cooperation, and practical progress in the field of biodiversity conservation. The paper highlights that China has offered a systemic model to global biodiversity governance through policy tool innovation, inter-departmental coordination mechanisms, and fi-nancial and technical support. Representative cases, such as the recovery of the Hainan gibbon population and the ecological restoration of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, demonstrate the effectiveness of policy synergy and project implementation in biodiversity conservation. At the international level, China’s leader-ship in the implementation initiative of the KMGBF, technology transfer, and cross-border ecological corri-dor construction has promoted capacity building in developing countries and mutual recognition of global standards. Future efforts should focus on improving quantitative assessment models and intelligent monitoring networks to provide systematic and comprehensive Chinese solutions for global sustainable development.
As a core component of the Earth’s ecosystem, wildlife diversity plays an irreplaceable role in material cycling, energy flow, and the provision of ecosystem services. However, under the combined impacts of expanding human activities and climate change, it faces a series of severe threats, including habitat frag-mentation and population endangerment. Traditional ground-based methods for monitoring wildlife diversity suffer from limited coverage and poor timeliness, making them insufficient for large-scale and long-term conservation needs. This paper focuses on the application of remote sensing technology in wildlife diversity conservation, systematically reviews the relevant research progress both at home and abroad through a litera-ture-based approach, clarifying the principles, characteristics, and classification system of remote sensing technology (including spaceborne, airborne, and ground-based remote sensing). In addition, a “technology-indicator-demand” matching framework was developed, aligning with key conservation indicators like species richness, population dynamics, and habitat quality. The framework places particular emphasis on the practi-cal application paths of the three types of remote sensing technologies. Meanwhile, this review points out the current challenges in the application of remote sensing technology, including the complexity of data processing and technical limitations. It further proposes a technical optimization strategy based on cloud computing and deep learning, and a collaborative monitoring scheme utilizing multi-source remote sensing data. This review not only provides a theoretical reference for the standardized application of remote sensing technology in wildlife diversity conservation, but also offers practical insights for subsequent initiatives in rare species pro-tection, habitat restoration, and ecosystem management, thereby contributing to the upgrading of biodiversity conservation technologies.
Accurate identification and effective monitoring of rice pests are crucial for ensuring the safe production of rice. With the deep integration of information technology and agriculture, computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer novel solutions for the intelligent monitoring and early warning of rice pests. This paper extracts relevant literature from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database over the period 2000—2025, analyzes the core research trends in rice pest studies in China using bibliometric methods, and summarizes advances in the application of computer vision and AI in rice pest iden-tification and monitoring. The article first outlines the research status of key pests in China, such as plan-thoppers and stem borers, as well as their natural enemies. It then elaborates on the evolution of pest identi-fication techniques from traditional image processing to deep learning, with a focused analysis of identification methods centered on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and object detection models, along with their opti-mization strategies. Furthermore, it explores the construction of intelligent monitoring and early warning sys-tems that integrate internet of things (IoT) sensors, multi-source data, and AI models. The review aims to pro-vide practical pathways for the green and precise control of rice pests within the context of smart agriculture.
The beaches of Dongting Lake are a special habitat type. Due to fluctuating water levels, the small mammals inhabiting the lake beaches are forced to move out during the flood seasons and naturally return after the water recedes, forming a distinct community that differs from those in surrounding habitats. Specifically, the Yangtze vole (Alexandromys fortis) exists as the overwhelmingly dominant species on the lake beaches. Before the 1970s, there were no large-scale outbreaks of voles. However, between the 1970s and the 1990s, the vole population exploded and caused disasters, and in 2007, a severe vole outbreak escalated into a disas-ter. Research indicates that this event resulted from the coincidence of a peak year in vole population fluc-tuation with human activities that favored their population growth. After the implementation of the Three Gorges Project, other small mammals from surrounding habitats extensively invaded the lake beaches, espe-cially large numbers of Apodemus agrarius, reflecting the subversive impact of human social and economic activities on the succession of animal communities. Therefore, the community succession and population de-velopment of small mammals in the Dongting Lake beach habitat exemplify the social-economic-natural complex ecosystem theory.
The trade-off between defense capability and resource supply is a core issue in host resistance to parasitic stress, yet systematic research on how resource levels quantitatively regulate host defense efficacy remains lacking. To investigate the regulatory role of sugar supply in the resistance of Drosophila melanogaster to parasitic pressure from Leptopilina sp., three sugar concentration gradients including low (10%), medium (20%), and high (30%) were established, and both immune defense and developmental indices of D. melano-gaster under different resource supply conditions were systematically measured. The results showed that: 1) The medium-sugar group demonstrated an optimal balance between defense and development. Flies in this group not only exhibited significantly lower mortality under parasitic stress than those in the low-sugar group, but also maintained optimal levels of pupation rate, eclosion rate, and adult body size, suggesting that mode-rate resource supply effectively optimizes energy allocation; 2) The high-sugar environment did not confer additional defense benefits but instead induced significant negative effects. Compared with the medium-sugar group, the high-sugar group showed a substantial decrease in pupation and eclosion rates, a significant in-crease in mortality, and a marked reduction in adult body size under parasitic stress. The study indicates that the regulation of host defense efficacy by sugar supply is characterized by a distinct threshold effect. Moderate increase in sugar supply helps reduce the physiological burden on the immune system, whereas excessive supply leads to metabolic imbalance and consequently weakens the overall fitness of D. melanogaster under parasitic pressure. These findings provide new perspectives for understanding insect nutritional immunology and the ecological control of agricultural pests.
Based on field investigations conducted over the past decade by the research team, combined with relevant literature, this paper presents new reflections and a systematic analysis of the concepts and types of habitats, as well as the connotations, interdisciplinary relationships, and research methods of roos-ting ecology. It focuses on the ecological characteristics of cave-dwelling bats and the influencing factors and ecological mechanisms of habitat selection and use by bats. Additionally, it summarizes the relationship between bats and their habitats, as well as issues related to habitat protection, and proposes scientific ques-tions that require extensive and in-depth research in the future. Overall, the authors contend that bat diver-sity is not only a crucial part of global biodiversity, but also a key maintaining forces for biodiversity both inside and outside caves, and that bats are one of the main taxa that must be prioritized in biodiversity con-servation research and practice, both domestically and internationally. China has abundant bat resources, which present significant opportunities for new initiatives and breakthroughs in the research on bat roosting ecology and biodiversity conservation.
Zhejiang Province is one of the historical distribution areas of the Chinese giant salamander (An-drias davidianus). Analyzing its potential suitable habitat has practical significance for the conservation of this species. By integrating multiple factors, including elevation, water sources, slope, with known distribu-tion data of the giant salamander, this study predicted the suitable habitat for the species in Zhejiang Pro-vince using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The results showed that the average area under the curve (AUC) for the training set from ten repeated runs of the MaxEnt model is 0.913, indicating that the predic-tion results are reliable and highly accurate. The main environmental factors influencing the distribution of suitable habitats for the giant salamander include aspect, isothermality (bio3), slope, annual temperature range (bio7) and elevation, followed by temperature seasonality (bio4), the average temperature of the coldest quar-ter (bio11) and the coolest season precipitation (bio19). The remaining factors have relatively minor and non-significant effects. Under the current climatic scenario, the area of highly suitable habitat for the giant sala-mander in Zhejiang Province is approximately 21 400 km2, accounting for about 20.30% of the province’s total area, primarily concentrated in the southwestern regions of the province (southern Lishui and southwestern Wenzhou), with sporadic distributions in the western regions. Moderately and marginally suitable habitats ac-count for about 12.31% and 38.46% of the province’s area, respectively, and are both primarily located in its central region. The unsuitable areas are mainly concentrated in the northeastern region of Zhejiang (north-eastern Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing). The model results indicate that the suitable habitats for A. davidia-nus in Zhejiang Province are generally concentrated, primarily in the mountainous regions of the southwest.
To understand the status of Cetartiodactyla animal resources in Hunan Province, data from museum specimens preserved within the province as well as related historical literature were systematically compiled in this study. Morphological characteristics of Cetartiodactyla species were measured, described, and ana-lyzed, and their geographical distribution and faunal characteristics were summarized. The results showed that: 1) There are currently 12 species belonging to 11 genera and 6 families of Cetartiodactyla in Hunan, accounting for 14.46% of the total number of species in this order nationwide. The fauna composition is dominated by Oriental species, with some Palearctic elements, reflecting the convergence of species from the South China and North China regions; 2) Among these existing animals in Hunan Province, nine species are listed as National Key Protected Wildlife in China, including first-level protected species such as the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus), Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), and Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis), and second-level protected species such as the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), water deer (Hydropotes inermis), Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), and Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii); 3) According to the Chinese Red List of Vertebrates, among the recorded species, two is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (Baiji, declared functionally extinct in the wild in 2006), two as Endangered (EN), four as Vulnerable (VU), and three as Near Threatened (NT); 4) In terms of distribution patterns, wild boar (Sus scrofa), Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus ree-vesi), and tufted deer are widely distributed across the province, while most other species are regionally dis-tributed. The Père David’s deer exists as a reintroduced and rewilded population. This study provides the first systematic description of the species composition, protection status, and distribution of Cetartiodactyla in Hunan Province. It updates and refines the provincial resource inventory for this taxon, thereby offering es-sential baseline data for future regional biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
From July 2022 to May 2024, a preliminary investigation of birds and mammals in the Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve in Hunan was conducted using infrared camera traps. A total of 118 camera trap-pings (UVL4) were deployed, with an effective camera operation period of 25 731 days, yielding 6 774 inde-pendent valid photos. The survey recorded 31 species of birds (Aves) across 7 orders and 17 families, and 17 species of mammals (Mammalia) across 5 orders and 10 families. Among them, there were 2 species of first-class nationally protected wildlife, Syrmaticus ellioti and Viverricula indica; and 10 species of second-class nationally protected wildlife, such as Chrysolophus pictus, Macaca mulatta and Elaphodus cephalophus. The mammals with relatively high relative abundance indices (RAI) were Arctonyx collaris (IRA=6.716), Paguma lar-vata (IRA=4.694) and Sus scrofa (IRA=2.099), and the bird species were Zoothera aurea (IRA=0.688), Syrmaticus ellioti (IRA=0.536) and Chrysolophus pictus (IRA=0.412). The species accumulation curve indicated that the curve for mammals tended to flatten into an asymptote with around 20 camera traps deployed, suggesting a rela-tively accurate estimation of mammal species richness. In contrast, the curve for birds continued to show an upward trend even after all 118 camera traps were installed. Furthermore, the majority of the records were ground-foraging songbirds, indicating that the current intensity of infrared camera monitoring was insuffi-cient to grasp the actual species richness of the bird community. This study provides baseline data for the continuous monitoring and assessment of wildlife diversity in the Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve.
To assess the macroinvertebrate community structure and influencing factors in the Xiangjiang River Basin during different hydrological periods, a comprehensive survey of macroinvertebrate and hydra-tion indicators was carried out at 20 sampling sites in the Yongzhou-Xiangyin section of Xiangjiang River’s mainstream in January (dry season) and August (wet season) of 2024. The results showed that: 1) A total of 73 species of macroinvertebrates were identified, belonging to 45 families, 6 classes and 3 phyla. Among them, 49 species were arthropods, 20 were mollusks, and 4 were annelids; 2) The annual average density and biomass of macroinvertebrates in the mainstream of Xiangjiang River were 75.5 ind/m2 and 55.30 g/m2, respectively. The species richness, density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were all higher in the wet sea-son than in the dry season; 3) The dominant macroinvertebrate species during the dry season were Semisul-cospira sp., Bellamya sp., Limnoperna lacustris, Corbicula fluminea, and Caridina sp.. In contrast, the domi-nant species during the wet season were Bellamya sp., Semisulcospira sp., Corbicula fluminea, Macrobrachium sp. and Caridina sp.; 4) The species richness index in the mainstream of Xiangjiang River was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season, whereas no significant differences were observed in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and community evenness index between the two seasons; 5) During the dry season, environmental factors collectively explained 58.1% of the macroinvertebrate diversity variation and 55.2% of the community variation. Among these, water temperature, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and pH were iden-tified as the primary factors influencing macroinvertebrate diversity indices, while water temperature, total phosphorus (TP) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) were the main factors affecting macroinvertebrate community structure. During the wet season, environmental factors accounted for 62.9% of the macrobenthic diversity variation and 44.5% of the community variation, with NO3--N and NO2--N emerging as the key drivers for both diversity indices and community composition. This study elucidates the driving mechanisms of macroin-vertebrate communities in the mainstream Xiangjiang River across different hydrological periods, and further clarifies the relationship between environmental factors and macroinvertebrate community structure. The fin-dings provide a scientific basis for macroinvertebrate community conservation, biodiversity assessment, and aquatic ecosystem management in Xiangjiang River and even the broader Yangtze River Basin.
A series of four scientific expeditions were conducted from September 2021 to September 2022 to investigate butterfly diversity and its relationship with the environment in the Dupangling National Nature Reserve, Yongzhou, Hunan Province. Fourteen transect lines were established based on habitat and vegeta-tion. A total of 2 507 butterflies were collected and documented, belonging to 143 species, 84 genera, and 5 families, among which 12 species were new records for Hunan Province. In the Hunan Yongzhou Dupangling National Nature Reserve, Nymphalidae was the most diverse family, with 81 species from 41 genera, fol-lowed by Hesperiidae (22 species, 16 genera), Lycaenidae (17 species, 17 genera), Papilionidae (16 species, 5 genera), and Pieridae (7 species, 5 genera). Papilio protenor Cramer was the dominant butterfly species in the National Nature Reserve, comprising 9.69% of the total number of butterflies surveyed. The results of faunal analysis showed that, among the 143 species of butterflies, there were 97 Oriental species, accounting for 67.83%, 45 widely distributed species, accounting for 31.47%, and only one Palaearctic species, accoun-ting for 0.70%. The diversity analysis indicated that butterfly diversity varied across habitats. The highest species diversity and richness indices were recorded at Kongshuyan (3.509 and 11.267, respectively), while the lowest indices were found at Yueyan (1.475 and 2.056, respectively). Differences in butterfly diversity a-mong habitats were mainly influenced by factors such as vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance. This study establishes a baseline for the diversity and abundance of butterflies in the Hunan Yongzhou Dupang-ling National Nature Reserve, thereby supporting the management and the conservation of its natural resources.
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